Indonesia profile detail | BRICS Agricultural Research Platform (BARP)

Section 1: Country Overview & Geographic Profile

1.1 Basic Country Information

Country Name	Republic of Indonesia
Capital City	Jakarta (administrative functions relocating to Nusantara, East Kalimantan, from 2024)
BRICS Status	Partner Country – Accepted as BRICS partner at Kazan Summit (October 2024). Full member from January 2025.
Total Population	~281.6 million (2024, BPS mid-year projection) – world's 4th most populous country
Population Growth Rate	~0.85–0.9% per year (BPS); declining fertility rate
Rural Population (%)	~44–45% (BPS 2024); declining due to rapid urbanisation
Urban Population (%)	~55–56% (2024, BPS)
GDP (Nominal)	Rp 22,139.0 trillion / ~USD 1.4 trillion (2024, BPS); +5.03% real growth; world's 16th–17th largest economy
GDP per Capita	~USD 4,960 (2024, BPS); Rp 78.6 million
Agriculture’s Share of GDP	~12.6% (2024, BPS – agriculture, forestry and fisheries); plantations alone contribute ~3.76% of GDP
Agriculture’s Share of Employment	~29–30% of workforce (~38–40 million workers, BPS); single largest employer sector
HDI Rank	0.713 (2023/24, UNDP) – High Human Development; ~114th globally
Official Language(s)	Bahasa Indonesia (official); 700+ regional languages (Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, etc.)
Currency	Indonesian Rupiah (IDR); avg ~15,800–16,000 IDR/USD in 2024

1.2 Geographic Coordinates & Physical Extent

Total Geographic Area	~1,904,569 km² (land); total including waters ~5.1 million km² – world's largest archipelago nation
Number of Islands	~17,508 islands (BPS); ~6,000 inhabited; 5 major islands: Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua
Northernmost Point	5°54′ N (Miangas Island, North Sulawesi)
Southernmost Point	11°00′ S (Rote Island, East Nusa Tenggara)
Easternmost Point	141°01′ E (Papua border with Papua New Guinea)
Westernmost Point	95°00′ E (Sabang, Aceh)
Coastline	~108,000 km (world's 2nd longest coastline after Canada)
Land Borders	~2,958 km; shares borders with Malaysia (Borneo), Papua New Guinea (New Guinea), and Timor-Leste (Timor)
Highest Point	Puncak Jaya (Carstensz Pyramid), 4,884 m (Papua) – highest peak between the Himalayas and Andes
Major Rivers	Kapuas (1,143 km, Kalimantan), Mahakam, Barito (Kalimantan); Musi, Batang Hari (Sumatra); Solo and Brantas (Java)

1.3 Administrative Divisions

Primary Level	38 provinces (provinsi) – increased from 34 following the creation of 4 new provinces in the Papua region in 2022
Secondary Level	514 regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota)
Tertiary Level	~7,266 districts (kecamatan) and more than 83,000 villages (desa/kelurahan)
Key Agricultural Provinces	Java (rice, vegetables, poultry – ~60% of population on ~7% of land); Sumatra (palm oil, rubber, coffee); Kalimantan (palm oil, timber); Sulawesi (cocoa, coconut, spices); Papua (sago, forestry); NTT/NTB (livestock, dryland crops)

Section 2: Agro-climatic Zones & Classification

2.1 National Classification

Parameter	Details
Agro-Climatic Classification System	Indonesia primarily follows the BMKG (Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency) and Ministry of Agriculture agro-climatic classification framework based on the Oldeman Climate Classification System.
Total Zones	5 major agro-climatic zones classified as Oldeman A–E, based on the distribution of wet and dry months throughout the year.
Classification Basis	Agro-climatic zones are determined using: Rainfall distribution patterns Number of wet months and dry months Altitude and topography Temperature regime Soil characteristics
Wet Month Definition	A month receiving more than 200 mm of rainfall.
Dry Month Definition	A month receiving less than 100 mm of rainfall.
Climate Characteristics	Indonesia has an equatorial tropical climate characterized by: High temperatures throughout the year High humidity (70–90%) Monsoon influences Relatively small annual temperature variation Strong rainfall variation between islands and elevations

2.2 Zone-wise Description

Oldeman Zone	Major Regions	Climate Characteristics	Major Crops	Key Challenges
A (Perhumid)	West Sumatra, West Kalimantan, Papua	No dry season More than 9 wet months Rainfall: 2,500–4,000 mm/year	Oil palm, Rubber, Sago, Rice (1–2 crops/year), Tropical fruits	Waterlogging, Poor drainage, Peat soil management challenges
B (Humid)	East Sumatra, Central Kalimantan, Parts of Java	1–2 dry months Rainfall: 2,000–3,000 mm/year	Oil palm, Rice (2 crops/year), Rubber, Coconut, Cocoa	Pest and disease pressure, Occasional drought episodes
C (Sub-Humid)	Most of Java, South Sulawesi, Bali	3–5 dry months Rainfall: 1,500–2,500 mm/year	Rice (2–3 crops/year), Maize, Soybean, Sugarcane, Vegetables	El Niño-induced drought risk, Urbanisation and agricultural land conversion
D (Semi-Arid)	East Java, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), East NTB, Parts of Sulawesi	5–7 dry months Rainfall: 1,000–1,500 mm/year	Maize, Cassava, Mung Bean, Dryland Rice, Livestock	Drought, Water scarcity, Poor soil fertility, Rural poverty
E (Arid)	Parts of NTT (Timor, Sumba), Maluku Islands	7–9 dry months Rainfall: Less than 1,000 mm/year	Livestock grazing, Dryland crops, Limited agriculture	Severe drought, Soil erosion, Food insecurity, Limited water resources

Section 3: Climate, Rainfall & Temperature Effects On Agriculture

3.1 Overall Climate

Climate Parameter	Details
Köppen Climate Classification	Indonesia is predominantly tropical and falls under three major Köppen climate categories: Af (Tropical Rainforest) – Found across most of Sumatra, Kalimantan (Borneo), and Papua. Characterized by abundant rainfall throughout the year and no distinct dry season. Am (Tropical Monsoon) – Common in Java, Sulawesi and parts of Bali. Features a pronounced wet season and a short dry season. Aw (Tropical Savanna) – Found in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Timor, Sumba and some eastern islands. Characterized by a long dry season and lower annual rainfall.
National Average Rainfall	Approximately 2,000–3,000 mm per year. Rainfall varies significantly across the archipelago: Highest: West Sumatra, Papua Highlands and mountainous regions (>4,000 mm/year) Lowest: East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Timor and eastern islands (<1,000 mm/year)
Temperature	Indonesia experiences warm temperatures throughout the year. Sea Level Areas: 26–28°C average annual temperature Highland Areas (1,000–2,000 m): 18–22°C Above 3,000 m: Occasional frost and near-freezing temperatures Seasonal temperature variation is minimal due to Indonesia's equatorial location.
Monsoon System	Indonesia's climate is strongly influenced by monsoon circulation and the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Northwest (NW) Monsoon: October–March Brings moist air masses from the Asian continent and surrounding oceans, resulting in the primary wet season. Southeast (SE) Monsoon: April–September Brings drier air from Australia, creating the dry season across most regions. ITCZ Migration: Seasonal north-south movement of the ITCZ controls rainfall distribution and timing across the Indonesian archipelago.

3.2 Rainfall & Temperature

Climate Indicator	Details
Highest Rainfall Areas	Indonesia contains some of the wettest tropical regions in the world. West Sumatra (Batu Hijau Region): More than 6,000 mm/year West Kalimantan: Approximately 4,000–5,000 mm/year Papua Highlands: Approximately 4,000–5,000 mm/year These areas support tropical rainforests, oil palm, rubber, cocoa and other high-rainfall crops.
Lowest Rainfall Areas	The driest parts of Indonesia occur in the eastern archipelago. East Nusa Tenggara (NTT): Less than 700 mm/year in some locations Palu Valley (Central Sulawesi): Approximately 550 mm/year Agriculture in these areas relies heavily on drought-tolerant crops and livestock systems.
El Niño Impact	Strong El Niño events significantly affect Indonesian agriculture and natural resources. Major impacts observed during events such as 2015–16 and 2023–24: Severe drought across Java, Sumatra and eastern Indonesia Rice production declines of approximately 5–15% Reduced water availability for irrigation Large-scale forest and peatland fires Decline in oil palm Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) yields Higher food inflation and increased import requirements
La Niña Impact	La Niña generally brings above-normal rainfall across much of Indonesia. Major impacts include: Flooding in Java, Kalimantan and low-lying agricultural areas Waterlogging of rice fields and plantation crops Landslides in mountainous regions Infrastructure and transportation disruptions Improved reservoir storage and irrigation supplies Generally favourable conditions for rice and plantation crop production

3.3 Climate-Resilient Agriculture and Climate Action

Initiative	Institution	Description	Impact / Outcome
Food Estate Programme	Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) BAPPENAS	Development of large-scale food production zones in: Central Kalimantan North Sumatra Papua Focus crops include: Rice Cassava Maize Intended to strengthen national food security and reduce import dependence.	Supports Indonesia's food self-sufficiency agenda. However, the programme remains controversial due to concerns regarding: Peatland conversion Deforestation Environmental sustainability
20,000 Water Pumps Initiative	Government of Indonesia President Joko Widodo (2024)	Nationwide deployment of approximately 20,000 irrigation pumps to reduce drought impacts and improve water availability during El Niño events.	Priority coverage in: Java East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Sulawesi Enhances resilience of rice-growing regions against climate variability.
Peatland Restoration Programme	BRGM (Peat and Mangrove Restoration Agency)	Restoration of approximately 1.2 million hectares of degraded peatlands through rewetting, revegetation and sustainable land management.	Reduction in peatland fire incidents compared to the 2015 crisis Lower greenhouse gas emissions Improved ecosystem restoration
B40 Biodiesel Mandate	Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources	Introduction of a 40% palm oil biodiesel blend (B40) beginning in 2025. Indonesia operates the world's most ambitious biodiesel programme.	Projected domestic consumption of approximately: 13.6 Million Tonnes of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) annually for biodiesel production. Supports energy security and palm oil demand.
Climate-Resilient Rice Programme	IRRI Ministry of Agriculture IAARD	Development and dissemination of: Drought-tolerant rice varieties Flood-tolerant rice varieties Submergence-tolerant (Sub1) rice Salt-tolerant coastal rice varieties	Widely adopted varieties include: Inpari Series Inpago Series Ciherang Improves resilience to climate change and extreme weather events.
Mangrove Rehabilitation Programme	BRGM	National programme targeting restoration of approximately 600,000 hectares of mangroves. Focus on coastal ecosystem protection and carbon sequestration.	Indonesia possesses the world's largest mangrove ecosystem: ~3.4 million hectares. Benefits include: Blue carbon storage Coastal protection Fisheries habitat conservation Climate change mitigation

Section 4: Cropping Patterns & Agricultural Calendar

4.1 Seasonal Cropping System

Season	Months	Major Regions	Major Crops / Activities
Wet Season (Musim Hujan)	October / November – March / April	Java, Sulawesi, NTT & NTB, Eastern Indonesia	Rice (Main Crop / MT I) Rainfed rice cultivation Vegetables and horticultural crops Rice planting is synchronized with the onset of monsoon rainfall.
Dry Season (Musim Kemarau)	April / May – September / October	Irrigated regions of Java, Parts of Sumatra	Rice (Second Crop / MT II) Maize Soybean Palawija (Secondary Crops) Production depends heavily on irrigation availability.
Third Cropping Season (MT III)	July – October	Well-irrigated areas of: West Java Central Java	Third rice crop in highly irrigated systems Palawija crops (maize, soybean, mung bean, peanuts) Possible only where reliable irrigation infrastructure exists.
Perennial / Year-Round Production	Throughout the Year	Sumatra, Kalimantan, Papua, Sulawesi	Oil Palm (harvest every 10–15 days) Rubber (daily tapping) Coffee Cocoa Tea Coconut Plantation crops provide continuous production and export earnings throughout the year.

4.2 Major Food Crops

Crop	Production	Area / Importance	Major Producing Regions	Key Notes
Rice (Paddy)	~53–54 Million Tonnes Paddy (2024, BPS Estimate) Milled Rice: ~30.34 Million Tonnes	Harvested Area: ~10.2–11.0 Million ha	West Java, East Java, Central Java, South Sulawesi	Indonesia is the World's 3rd Largest Rice Producer. Rice remains the national staple food and the foundation of food security policy. Production in 2024 declined by approximately 2.43% compared to 2023.
Maize (Corn)	~20–24 Million Tonnes/Year	Area: ~5–6 Million ha	East Java, Central Java, Lampung, NTT, Gorontalo	Approximately 60% of maize production is used for animal feed. Demand is increasing due to growth in the poultry and livestock sectors.
Soybean	~0.6–0.8 Million Tonnes/Year	Production continues to decline.	Java and selected food-crop regions	Indonesia imports approximately 2.5–3.0 Million Tonnes annually for the tempeh and tofu industries. National self-sufficiency remains below 25%.
Cassava	~18–20 Million Tonnes/Year	One of Indonesia's major food and industrial crops.	Lampung (#1), Central Java, East Java	Indonesia ranks among the Top 5–6 Cassava Producers globally. Used for food, starch processing and bioethanol production.
Sweet Potato	~2.0–2.5 Million Tonnes/Year	Important food security crop.	Papua, Java Highlands	Papua is the major producing region where sweet potato remains a traditional staple food for many indigenous communities.

4.3 Cash Crops & Industrial Crops

Commodity	Production	Global Position	Major Producing Regions	Key Notes
Palm Oil (CPO + PKO)	~53 Million Tonnes (2024) CPO: 48.16 MT PKO: 4.60 MT	World's #1 Producer ~57% of Global Production	Riau, Central Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, North Sumatra, East Kalimantan	Oil palm area: ~16–17 million ha. Palm oil is Indonesia's most valuable agricultural export and a major source of foreign exchange.
Rubber	~2.8–3.0 Million Tonnes/Year	World's #2 Producer	South Sumatra, Riau, West Kalimantan	Approximately 85% of production comes from smallholder farmers.
Coffee	~0.77–0.80 Million Tonnes/Year	World's #4 Producer	Robusta: South Sumatra, Lampung Arabica: Aceh Gayo, North Sumatra, Toraja, Flores	Production composition: Robusta: ~75% Arabica: ~25% Indonesia is internationally renowned for specialty coffees such as Gayo, Mandheling and Toraja.
Cocoa	~0.65–0.75 Million Tonnes/Year	World's #3 Producer	South Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi	Sulawesi contributes approximately 65% of national cocoa production.
Coconut	~16–18 Million Tonnes (Copra Equivalent)	World's #1 Producer	North Sulawesi, Riau Islands, East Java, Maluku	Major source of coconut oil, copra, desiccated coconut and coconut-based exports.
Sugarcane	~2.3–2.5 Million Tonnes Sugar/Year	Import Dependent	East Java, Lampung	National self-sufficiency is approximately 55–60%. Indonesia imports around 3–4 million tonnes of raw sugar annually.
Tea	~0.13–0.15 Million Tonnes/Year	Traditional Export Crop	West Java (Bandung, Puncak), Central Java	Production has gradually declined due to land conversion and competition from other crops.
Spices	Multiple High-Value Crops	Global Leader in Clove & Nutmeg	Maluku, Sulawesi, Sumatra	Indonesia is historically known as the "Spice Islands" and is the world's largest producer of cloves and nutmeg. Major spices include cloves, nutmeg, pepper, cinnamon and vanilla.
Tobacco	~0.15–0.20 Million Tonnes/Year	Important Domestic Industry	East Java, Central Java, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB)	Primarily used in Indonesia's large Kretek (clove cigarette) industry.

4.4 Cropping Intensity & Productivity

Indicator	Value	Remarks
Total Rice Sown / Harvested Area	~10.2–11.0 Million ha	Based on USDA-FAS 2024/25 estimates. Rice remains Indonesia's most important food crop and occupies the largest share of cultivated land.
Paddy Field Area (Sawah)	~7.46 Million ha	Ministry of Agrarian Affairs estimate (2019). The area is gradually declining due to urban expansion and industrial development, particularly on Java.
Rice Yield	~4.7–4.8 t/ha (Milled Rice Equivalent) ~5.1–5.3 t/ha (Paddy Basis)	Yields have remained largely stagnant during the past decade despite improved varieties and irrigation investments.
Cropping Intensity – Java	150–200%	Double and triple rice cropping is common due to extensive irrigation infrastructure and fertile volcanic soils.
Cropping Intensity – Outer Islands	100–130%	Generally characterized by one rice crop followed by plantation crops or fallow periods due to lower irrigation coverage.
Major Constraint	Conversion of Agricultural Land	Indonesia loses approximately 40,000–80,000 ha of paddy land annually because of urbanization, industrial zones, infrastructure projects and residential development, especially across Java.

4.5 Major Crop Varieties and Yield/ha

Crop	Major Varieties / Hybrids	Average Yield (t/ha)	Key Notes
Rice (Irrigated)	Ciherang (~30% adoption), Inpari 32 HDB, Inpari 42 (Drought-Tolerant), IR64, Mekongga	5.1–5.3 (Paddy)	Cultivated on approximately 10–11 million ha. Hybrid rice adoption remains below 5%, significantly lower than China (>50%). Developed with support from IRRI and Indonesian breeding programmes.
Maize	Pioneer P21, NK7328, BISI 18, Pertiwi	5.0–5.5	Grown on approximately 5–6 million ha. Yields continue to improve due to increasing hybrid seed adoption. Production is primarily rainfed.
Oil Palm	DxP (Dura × Pisifera) Hybrids, Tenera, IOPRI / PPKS Varieties	3.5–4.0 (CPO Yield)	Cultivated on approximately 16–17 million ha. Smallholder yields: 2.5–3.0 t/ha Estate yields: 4.0–5.0 t/ha
Coffee (Robusta)	BP 308, BP 42, SA 237	0.7–0.9 (Green Bean)	Major regions: South Sumatra, Lampung and Bengkulu. Productivity remains lower than competing producers such as Vietnam.
Cocoa	Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, MCC 01–02	0.5–0.8 (Dry Bean)	Sector faces declining productivity because of: Ageing plantations Limited replanting Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) Pest and disease pressure
Rubber	BPM 24, PB 260, RRIM 600	1.0–1.5 (Dry Rubber)	Smallholder yields: ~0.8–1.0 t/ha Estate yields: ~1.5–2.0 t/ha Productivity gap remains a major challenge.

Section 5: Agricultural Land Use & Land Resources

5.1 Land Use Classification

Land Resource Indicator	Area	Remarks
Total Land Area	~190.5 Million ha	Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic nation, consisting of more than 17,000 islands with highly diverse agro-ecological conditions.
Agricultural Land	~57–63 Million ha	Includes food crops, plantations, horticulture, livestock grazing areas and mixed agricultural systems.
Arable Land (Food Crops)	~23–25 Million ha	Primarily used for rice, maize, soybean, cassava, vegetables and other annual crops.
Paddy Field (Sawah)	~7.46 Million ha	Core rice-producing land. Paddy area continues to decline because of urbanisation, industrial expansion and infrastructure development, particularly on Java.
Permanent Cropland / Plantations	~25–30 Million ha	Major plantation crops include: Oil Palm: ~16–17 Mha Rubber: ~3.6 Mha Coconut: ~3.5 Mha Coffee: ~1.3 Mha Cocoa: ~1.5 Mha Plantation agriculture is a major contributor to exports and rural employment.
Forest Area	~92–96 Million ha	Represents approximately 50% of total land area. Indonesia possesses the world's second-largest tropical rainforest after Brazil. Although deforestation rates have declined in recent years, forest conservation remains a major policy challenge.
Peatland Area	~13.4 Million ha	Largest tropical peatland resource in the world. Concentrated in: Sumatra Kalimantan Papua Peatlands are globally important carbon sinks but are highly vulnerable to fire and drainage-related degradation.

5.2 Irrigation Infrastructure

Indicator	Value / Status	Remarks
Total Irrigation Network	~7.0–8.0 Million ha	Includes national, provincial and district irrigation systems managed by various government agencies.
Functional Irrigated Area	~4.7–5.0 Million ha	Not all installed irrigation infrastructure is fully operational due to ageing assets and maintenance issues.
Share of Irrigated Sawah	~65%	Roughly two-thirds of Indonesia's paddy fields receive irrigation support, enabling double and triple rice cropping in many regions.
Jatiluhur Irrigation System	West Java	Indonesia's largest reservoir and irrigation scheme. Irrigates approximately 240,000 ha of rice land and plays a crucial role in national food security.
Brantas Basin System	East Java	One of Indonesia's most important river basin irrigation networks supporting intensive rice production and multiple cropping.
Way Sekampung Project	Lampung	Important irrigation infrastructure supporting rice and food crop production in southern Sumatra.
Asahan Irrigation System	North Sumatra	Supports agricultural production in one of Indonesia's major farming regions.
Surface / Gravity Irrigation	~90%	Dominant irrigation method. Many canal networks were originally developed during the Dutch colonial period and remain the backbone of Indonesian rice production.
Sprinkler Irrigation	<5%	Limited adoption due to cost and the dominance of rice cultivation.
Drip Irrigation	~2–3%	Primarily used in horticulture, plantations and high-value crops rather than rice.
Major Constraints	Infrastructure Degradation	Approximately 30% of irrigation infrastructure is non-functional or degraded Canal siltation reduces water delivery efficiency Insufficient maintenance funding Ageing infrastructure in Java Increasing climate variability and drought risk

5.3 Land Tenure & Farm Structure

Landholding System	Description
Smallholders	~26–27 million farming households (BPS Agricultural Census 2013 – most recent); approximately 68% farm less than 1 hectare; average farm size ~0.6–0.8 ha. Smallholders dominate food crop production and contribute significantly to oil palm, rubber, coffee and cocoa production.
Large Estates	~2,500+ large plantation companies (Perseroan); dominate oil palm, rubber, tea and sugar industries. Operate under HGU (Hak Guna Usaha – Right to Cultivate) land titles and play a major role in agricultural exports.
Customary (Adat) Land	Significant in outer islands such as Papua, Kalimantan and Sulawesi. The Constitutional Court (2013) recognised customary forest rights, strengthening indigenous community control over traditional lands.
Land Conversion	Rice paddy conversion to urban and industrial uses is estimated at ~40,000–80,000 ha annually, particularly on Java. The government's LP2B (Sustainable Agricultural Land Protection) policy aims to safeguard strategic paddy fields and maintain food security.

Section 6: Major Soil Types, Soil Health & Nutrient Management

6.1 Soil Classification System

Parameter	Description
Soil Classification System	Indonesia follows the Indonesian National Soil Classification System, which is harmonized and cross-referenced with both the USDA Soil Taxonomy and the World Reference Base (WRB) soil classification systems for international comparison and research purposes.
Survey Authority	BBSDLP (Balai Besar Sumber Daya Lahan Pertanian) – Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development under the Ministry of Agriculture. Formerly known as Puslittanak (Pusat Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat), the national institution responsible for soil surveys, land evaluation, soil fertility mapping, agro-ecological zoning and land resource assessment across Indonesia.

6.2 Major Soil Types

Soil Type	Region	Properties	Suitable Crops
Volcanic Andisol	Java, Sumatra Highlands, Sulawesi Highlands	Very fertile; high organic matter content; well-drained; slightly acidic; derived from volcanic ash deposits.	Rice, vegetables, tea, coffee, fruits and horticultural crops. Considered Indonesia's most productive agricultural soil.
Ultisol / Oxisol (Red-Yellow Podzolic)	Sumatra, Kalimantan Lowlands	Strongly acidic (pH 4.0–5.0); low natural fertility; highly weathered; high aluminium and iron content; heavily leached.	Oil palm and rubber with substantial fertiliser application. Generally unsuitable for intensive food crop production without soil amendment.
Histosol (Peat Soil)	Riau, Jambi, Kalimantan, Papua	Extremely high organic matter; acidic; waterlogged; can reach depths of up to 15 metres; highly susceptible to fire when drained.	Sago and limited oil palm cultivation. Not suitable for most food crops without extensive drainage and management.
Alluvial (Entisol / Inceptisol)	Coastal Plains, River Deltas of North Java and East Sumatra	Variable fertility; formed from river deposits; generally productive; some areas affected by salinity and brackish water intrusion.	Rice (sawah systems), aquaculture ponds (tambak), fisheries and vegetables.
Vertisol	East Java, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), South Sulawesi	Heavy shrink-swell clay; develops deep cracks during dry seasons; moderate to high fertility.	Rice, sugarcane, maize and soybean.
Lithosol / Rendzina	Limestone Areas of: Gunung Kidul, NTT, Maluku	Thin and rocky soils; low water-holding capacity; calcareous in nature; highly erosion-prone.	Cassava and other drought-tolerant dryland crops. Agricultural potential is limited.

6.3 Soil Degradation & Conservation

Soil Management Challenge	Description
Peatland Degradation	Approximately 2.6 million hectares of peatland have been degraded due to drainage for oil palm plantations and pulpwood production. Degraded peatlands are highly susceptible to fires, land subsidence and significant CO₂ emissions. The BRGM (Peat and Mangrove Restoration Agency) restoration programme targets the rehabilitation of approximately 1.2 million hectares through rewetting and ecosystem restoration.
Erosion	Severe soil erosion occurs on steep volcanic slopes in Java, particularly where forest cover has been removed. Significant erosion is also found in the dry islands of NTT, where conditions resemble loess-type erosion, and along logging roads in Kalimantan where land disturbance accelerates soil loss.
Soil Acidification	Acidic soils are widespread in the Ultisol-dominated regions of Sumatra and Kalimantan. Soil pH often falls below optimal levels for crop production, requiring applications of agricultural lime (dolomite). However, liming remains costly and is often unaffordable for many smallholder farmers.
Fertiliser Subsidy Programme	The Government of Indonesia subsidises fertilisers including urea, SP-36 and NPK through Pupuk Indonesia (state-owned enterprise). The 2024 subsidy budget was approximately Rp 33 trillion. Subsidised urea is provided at approximately Rp 1,800/kg, reduced from Rp 2,250/kg, helping smallholders manage production costs and maintain crop productivity.

Section 7: Livestock Sector Profile

7.1 Livestock Population & Production

Livestock Sector	Population / Production	Key Regions / Notes
Poultry	~3.1–3.6 billion chickens (broiler, layer and native chickens) ~315 million layers Poultry meat production: ~4.8 MT/year	Indonesia is the world's 6th–7th largest poultry producer. Poultry is the country's most important livestock industry and the primary source of animal protein.
Cattle	~16 million head Beef production: ~0.55–0.60 MT/year	National beef self-sufficiency is approximately 70–75%. Imports include live cattle from Australia and buffalo meat from India.
Buffalo	~1.1–1.3 million head	Concentrated in North Sumatra, West Sumatra and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Traditionally used for meat and draft power.
Goats	~18–20 million head	Important source of income for smallholders and in high demand during Eid al-Adha.
Sheep	~16–18 million head	Mainly concentrated in West Java, Central Java and Banten. Sheep farming is dominated by smallholder systems.
Pigs	~8–9 million head	Concentrated in non-Muslim regions including Bali, NTT, North Sulawesi, North Sumatra and Papua.
Eggs	~5.5–6.0 MT/year	Layer production is concentrated on Java, which dominates the commercial egg industry.
Milk (Dairy)	~0.9–1.1 MT/year	National self-sufficiency is only ~20%. Approximately 75–80% of dairy demand is met through imports from New Zealand, Australia and the European Union. Major dairy regions include East Java (Malang), West Java (Lembang) and Central Java.

7.2 Key Livestock Companies

Company	Description
Charoen Pokphand Indonesia (CPI)	Indonesia's largest integrated poultry company. Operations include feed manufacturing, breeding farms, hatcheries, broiler production, processing facilities and poultry product distribution.
Japfa Comfeed Indonesia	Indonesia's second-largest poultry agribusiness company. Active in animal feed production, poultry breeding, broiler farming, food processing and aquafeed manufacturing.
New Hope Liuhe Indonesia	Subsidiary of China's New Hope Group. Focuses on poultry feed production, breeding operations and livestock sector development in Indonesia.
Cargill Indonesia	Major supplier of poultry feed and animal nutrition products. Participates in broiler integration and supports commercial poultry production systems.
PT Great Giant Livestock	One of Indonesia's leading beef cattle feedlot operators, based in Lampung. Imports feeder cattle primarily from Australia and supplies beef to domestic markets.

7.3 Livestock Production Summary

Sector	Key Information	Major Regions	National Production
Broiler Chicken	Largest source of animal protein in Indonesia; accounts for approximately 65% of total animal protein consumption.	Java (>60% of production), Sumatra, Kalimantan	~4.5–4.8 MT meat/year; ~3.1–3.6 billion birds
Layer Chicken	Rapidly growing industry; eggs provide an affordable source of protein for consumers.	East Java, West Java, Central Java	~5.5–6.0 MT eggs/year; ~315 million layers
Beef Cattle	Deficit sector; domestic production insufficient to meet demand, requiring imports of live cattle and beef products.	Java, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), South Sulawesi, Bali	~0.55–0.60 MT beef/year; ~16 million head
Native Chicken (Ayam Kampung)	Free-range production system; commands premium prices due to consumer preference and cultural significance.	All provinces	~0.3–0.4 MT meat/year; ~300 million+ birds
Goats & Sheep	Important source of income for smallholders; demand increases significantly during Eid al-Adha.	Java, NTT, NTB	~18–20 million goats; ~16–18 million sheep
Dairy	Major deficit sector; heavily dependent on imported milk powder and dairy products.	East Java, West Java, Central Java	~0.9–1.1 MT milk/year; ~20% self-sufficiency

Section 8: Fisheries & Aquaculture Sector

Parameter	Description
Maritime Area	Approximately 5.8 million km² of maritime jurisdiction, including territorial waters and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Indonesia is one of the world's largest maritime nations and the world's second-largest marine fisheries producer after China.
Coastline	Approximately 108,000 km, making Indonesia the world's second-longest coastline. The extensive coastline supports fisheries, aquaculture, maritime trade and coastal tourism.
Inland Waters	Includes major lakes, rivers, reservoirs and aquaculture systems. Important lakes include: Lake Toba (North Sumatra) Lake Maninjau (West Sumatra) Lake Singkarak (West Sumatra) Inland water resources support freshwater fisheries, aquaculture, irrigation and local livelihoods.

Approximately 5.8 million km² of maritime jurisdiction, including territorial waters and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Indonesia is one of the world's largest maritime nations and the world's second-largest marine fisheries producer after China.

Coastline

Approximately 108,000 km, making Indonesia the world's second-longest coastline. The extensive coastline supports fisheries, aquaculture, maritime trade and coastal tourism.

Inland Waters

Includes major lakes, rivers, reservoirs and aquaculture systems.

Important lakes include:

Lake Toba (North Sumatra)
Lake Maninjau (West Sumatra)
Lake Singkarak (West Sumatra)

Inland water resources support freshwater fisheries, aquaculture, irrigation and local livelihoods.

8.2 Production Statistics

Fisheries Sector	Production / Status	Key Notes
Total Fisheries Production	~22–24 Million Tonnes/Year	Includes marine capture fisheries, inland fisheries and aquaculture. Indonesia is one of the world's largest fisheries producers.
Marine Capture Fisheries	~6.5–7.0 Million Tonnes/Year	Indonesia is the world's second-largest marine capture fisheries producer. Major species include tuna, shrimp, skipjack, mackerel and sardines.
Aquaculture	~15–16 Million Tonnes/Year	Indonesia ranks among the world's 2nd–3rd largest aquaculture producers. Major products include shrimp, tilapia, milkfish (bandeng), catfish (lele), carp and seaweed.
Seaweed	~10–12 Million Tonnes (Wet Weight)	Indonesia is the world's largest seaweed producer. Main species include Kappaphycus and Eucheuma. Major regions: NTT, Sulawesi and Maluku.
Tuna	~1.0–1.2 Million Tonnes/Year	Indonesia is the world's largest tuna-producing nation. Main species include skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye tuna. Major fishing grounds: Maluku, Papua and North Sulawesi.
Shrimp	~1.0–1.2 Million Tonnes/Year	Vannamei shrimp dominates production. Major regions: Lampung, East Java and South Sulawesi. Key export markets include the United States, Japan and the European Union.
Per Capita Fish Consumption	~55–58 kg/person/year	Supported by the national Gemar Makan Ikan (Eat Fish) campaign to promote nutrition and increase seafood consumption.
Key Institution	Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP)	Responsible for fisheries management, aquaculture development, marine conservation and export promotion. Indonesia also hosts important FAO regional fisheries activities.

Section 9: Good Agricultural Practices & Sustainable Farming

9.1 GAP Certification & Standards

Standard / Certification	Description
National Standards	Indonesia applies IndoGAP (Indonesian Good Agricultural Practices) for food crops and horticulture, ISPO (Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil) certification for the palm oil sector, and SNI (Indonesian National Standard) for food quality, safety and agricultural products.
International Certifications	Widely adopted certifications include RSPO (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil), GlobalG.A.P. for export horticulture, Rainforest Alliance and UTZ for coffee and cocoa, as well as ISO 22000 food safety management systems.
ISPO (Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil)	Mandatory for all palm oil producers and mills since Presidential Regulation No. 44/2020. Certification covers environmental protection, legal compliance, labour practices, social responsibility and sustainable plantation management standards.
Organic Agriculture	Organic farming remains relatively small at approximately 0.1–0.2 million hectares. Major products include organic rice (Bali and Java), organic coffee (Aceh and Flores) and selected horticultural crops. Organic certification is conducted through accredited bodies under BSN and LSPO.

9.2 Integrated Pest Management

Plant Protection System	Description
National System	Indonesia operates through BPTP (Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology) offices in every province. The country has implemented a National Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Programme since 1989 with FAO support. Indonesia is internationally recognized as the pioneer of the Farmer Field School (FFS) approach, which trains farmers in field-based pest monitoring and ecological crop management.
Key Programmes	Major pest management programmes focus on: Brown Planthopper (BPH) control in rice Fall Armyworm management (since 2019) Cocoa Pod Borer (CPB) control in Sulawesi Coffee Berry Borer Beetle (Hypothenemus hampei) management These pests are among the most economically important threats to Indonesian agriculture.
Pesticide Regulation	The Ministry of Agriculture Pesticide Committee regulates pesticide registration and use. All pesticides require official registration before commercialization. Indonesia has prohibited several hazardous organophosphate products, promotes subsidized bio-pesticides and encourages biological control methods through the Farmer Field School system and Integrated Pest Management programmes.

Plant Protection System

Description

National System

Indonesia operates through BPTP (Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology) offices in every province. The country has implemented a National Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Programme since 1989 with FAO support. Indonesia is internationally recognized as the pioneer of the Farmer Field School (FFS) approach, which trains farmers in field-based pest monitoring and ecological crop management.

Key Programmes

Major pest management programmes focus on:

Brown Planthopper (BPH) control in rice
Fall Armyworm management (since 2019)
Cocoa Pod Borer (CPB) control in Sulawesi
Coffee Berry Borer Beetle (Hypothenemus hampei) management

These pests are among the most economically important threats to Indonesian agriculture.

Pesticide Regulation

The Ministry of Agriculture Pesticide Committee regulates pesticide registration and use. All pesticides require official registration before commercialization. Indonesia has prohibited several hazardous organophosphate products, promotes subsidized bio-pesticides and encourages biological control methods through the Farmer Field School system and Integrated Pest Management programmes.

9.3 Post-Harvest Management

Post-Harvest & Storage System	Description
Rice Storage	BULOG (National Logistics Agency) manages Indonesia's strategic rice reserves with an estimated storage capacity of approximately 2.0–3.0 million tonnes. The agency operates under the Government Purchasing Price (HPP) system to stabilize rice markets and food security. Village-level drying and milling facilities continue to improve, although post-harvest losses remain around 5–8%.
Cold Chain Infrastructure	Cold-chain development remains relatively limited, particularly for horticultural products and fisheries outside Java. Post-harvest losses for fruits and vegetables are estimated at approximately 15–20%. Most cold storage facilities are concentrated in Java, while government investments are expanding cold-chain infrastructure in outer islands to improve food quality and reduce losses.
Processing Industry	Indonesia possesses the world's largest palm oil refining industry with a refining capacity of approximately 45–50 million tonnes per year. Coffee processing is increasingly shifting toward specialty and single-origin products for export markets. The cocoa sector is expanding domestic grinding capacity, with a long-term objective of processing approximately 50% of national cocoa production within the country rather than exporting raw beans.

9.4 Farm Mechanisation

Mechanisation Aspect	Description
Mechanisation Rate	Approximately 70–75% of rice operations (land preparation and harvesting) are mechanised in Java, compared with only 30–40% in the outer islands. Plantation crops, particularly oil palm, remain largely dependent on manual labour.
Tractor Fleet	Indonesia operates approximately 300,000–500,000 two-wheel tractors (power tillers), which dominate because of small farm sizes. The country also has approximately 50,000–80,000 four-wheel tractors. Combine harvester numbers remain relatively limited at approximately 5,000–10,000 units.
Rice Mechanisation	Rice farming relies heavily on hand tractors from manufacturers such as Kubota, Yanmar and Chinese brands for land preparation. Adoption of mechanised rice transplanters remains very low (<5%), while combine harvester use continues to expand, especially in Java's major rice-growing regions.
Oil Palm Mechanisation	Oil palm harvesting remains almost entirely manual using chisels and sickles. Mechanisation is constrained by uneven terrain, tall palm trees and fragmented smallholder plantations. Drone-based spraying and monitoring technologies are being tested and gradually introduced.
Government Programme	Through the national budget (APBN), the government distributes free or subsidised agricultural machinery to farmer groups, including tractors, combine harvesters, threshers and grain dryers. Annual programme funding is approximately Rp 1–2 trillion.

Section 10: Agricultural Export Commodities & Trade

10.1 Trade Profile

Trade Indicator	Description
Agricultural Exports	Approximately USD 40–45 billion per year. Agricultural exports are heavily dominated by palm oil and palm-based products, which account for roughly 60–65% of total agricultural export earnings.
Agricultural Imports	Approximately USD 15–20 billion per year. Major imports include: Wheat (~10–11 MT; world's 2nd largest importer) Soybean (~2.5–3.0 MT) Sugar (~3–4 MT raw sugar) Rice (~2–3 MT during deficit years) Dairy products Garlic Beef and livestock products
Trade Balance	Indonesia is a net agricultural exporter primarily because of palm oil exports. However, it remains a net food importer due to significant imports of wheat, soybean, sugar, garlic, dairy products and, in some years, rice.
Palm Oil Export Value (2024)	Approximately USD 27.76 billion. This represents a decline of about 8.44% compared with 2023's export value of USD 30.32 billion, mainly because of lower export volumes and increased global price competition.

10.2 Top Agricultural Export Products

Rank	Commodity	Description	Key Destinations
1	Palm Oil (CPO & Derivatives)	World's largest exporter; approximately 29.5 MT exported in 2024. Includes crude palm oil (CPO), RBD olein, biodiesel and oleochemical products.	India, China, EU, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Africa
2	Rubber (Natural)	World's second-largest exporter; approximately 2.5–2.8 MT annually. Major export grade is SIR-20 natural rubber.	China, United States, Japan, European Union
3	Coffee	World's fourth-largest exporter. Exports include Robusta and specialty Arabica coffees such as Gayo, Toraja, Flores and Kopi Luwak.	United States, European Union, Japan, Egypt, Malaysia
4	Cocoa (Beans & Processed Products)	World's third-largest exporter. Increasing domestic processing capacity for cocoa butter, powder and other value-added products.	European Union, United States, Malaysia, China
5	Fishery Products	Includes shrimp, tuna, squid, seaweed and crab. Export value estimated at approximately USD 5–6 billion annually.	United States, Japan, European Union, China, ASEAN
6	Spices	Indonesia is the world's largest producer of cloves and nutmeg. Other exports include pepper, cinnamon and vanilla.	India, United States, European Union, China, Vietnam
7	Coconut Products	Includes copra, coconut oil, desiccated coconut, activated carbon and coconut water products.	United States, European Union, China, India
8	Wood & Forest Products	Includes plywood, pulp and paper products sourced largely from plantation forests. Indonesia is a major supplier of FLEGT-certified timber products.	China, Japan, South Korea, European Union

10.3 Export Challenges & Opportunities

Trade Outlook	Description
Challenges	EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR): Potentially restricts market access for palm oil and other commodities linked to deforestation concerns. Trade Barriers: Anti-dumping duties imposed by the US and EU on selected Indonesian products reduce export competitiveness. SPS Requirements: Fisheries exports face increasingly strict sanitary and phytosanitary standards in major importing markets. Trade Tensions: Export restrictions and downstream processing policies, similar to the nickel export ban strategy, have generated disputes with some trading partners. Infrastructure Gaps: Logistics, ports, cold-chain facilities and transportation remain less developed in many outer-island regions, increasing export costs.
Opportunities	B40 Biodiesel Programme: Expands domestic consumption of palm oil and reduces dependence on export markets. Downstream Processing: Growing investment in oleochemicals, specialty fats, biodiesel and other value-added palm products increases export value. Specialty Coffee Growth: Premium coffees such as Gayo, Toraja and Flores continue to gain demand in international markets. Trade Agreements: Opportunities through RCEP and ongoing Indonesia–EU CEPA negotiations may improve market access. Emerging Markets: Rapid demand growth from Middle Eastern, African and South Asian economies. Seaweed Industry Expansion: Rising global demand for carrageenan, food additives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics creates major export opportunities.

Trade Outlook

Description

Challenges

EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR): Potentially restricts market access for palm oil and other commodities linked to deforestation concerns.
Trade Barriers: Anti-dumping duties imposed by the US and EU on selected Indonesian products reduce export competitiveness.
SPS Requirements: Fisheries exports face increasingly strict sanitary and phytosanitary standards in major importing markets.
Trade Tensions: Export restrictions and downstream processing policies, similar to the nickel export ban strategy, have generated disputes with some trading partners.
Infrastructure Gaps: Logistics, ports, cold-chain facilities and transportation remain less developed in many outer-island regions, increasing export costs.

Opportunities

B40 Biodiesel Programme: Expands domestic consumption of palm oil and reduces dependence on export markets.
Downstream Processing: Growing investment in oleochemicals, specialty fats, biodiesel and other value-added palm products increases export value.
Specialty Coffee Growth: Premium coffees such as Gayo, Toraja and Flores continue to gain demand in international markets.
Trade Agreements: Opportunities through RCEP and ongoing Indonesia–EU CEPA negotiations may improve market access.
Emerging Markets: Rapid demand growth from Middle Eastern, African and South Asian economies.
Seaweed Industry Expansion: Rising global demand for carrageenan, food additives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics creates major export opportunities.

Section 11: Commercial & Emerging Technologies

11.1 Digital & Precision Agriculture

Digital Agriculture Initiative	Description
AgriTech Startups	Indonesia has a rapidly growing agricultural technology ecosystem. Key platforms include: TaniHub – Digital agricultural marketplace connecting farmers with buyers. HARA – Agricultural data exchange platform supporting traceability and financial inclusion. eFishery – Smart aquaculture technology provider. Crowde – Farmer-focused peer-to-peer financing platform. 8villages – Digital agricultural extension and advisory application. Jala Tech – Shrimp farming monitoring and analytics platform.
eFishery	Indonesia's largest agritech unicorn and one of Southeast Asia's most prominent agricultural technology companies. The platform provides IoT- and AI-based smart feeders for fish and shrimp ponds, helping farmers optimize feed use, improve productivity and reduce production costs. The company serves more than 200,000 farmers and has raised more than USD 200 million in funding.
Government Digital Agriculture	Major government-led digital initiatives include: SIMLUHTAN – National agricultural extension information system. SiPetani – Farmer registration and agricultural database platform. Drone Mapping – Increasing use of drones and geospatial technologies for palm oil monitoring, land mapping and agricultural planning.

Digital Agriculture Initiative

Description

AgriTech Startups

Indonesia has a rapidly growing agricultural technology ecosystem. Key platforms include:

TaniHub – Digital agricultural marketplace connecting farmers with buyers.
HARA – Agricultural data exchange platform supporting traceability and financial inclusion.
eFishery – Smart aquaculture technology provider.
Crowde – Farmer-focused peer-to-peer financing platform.
8villages – Digital agricultural extension and advisory application.
Jala Tech – Shrimp farming monitoring and analytics platform.

eFishery

Indonesia's largest agritech unicorn and one of Southeast Asia's most prominent agricultural technology companies. The platform provides IoT- and AI-based smart feeders for fish and shrimp ponds, helping farmers optimize feed use, improve productivity and reduce production costs. The company serves more than 200,000 farmers and has raised more than USD 200 million in funding.

Government Digital Agriculture

Major government-led digital initiatives include:

SIMLUHTAN – National agricultural extension information system.
SiPetani – Farmer registration and agricultural database platform.
Drone Mapping – Increasing use of drones and geospatial technologies for palm oil monitoring, land mapping and agricultural planning.

11.2 Biotechnology & Crop Improvement

Research & Biotechnology Area	Description
GM Crop Status	Indonesia has adopted a cautious approach toward genetically modified crops. Currently, the only GM crop approved for commercial cultivation is Bt Sugarcane (NXI-4T), approved in 2023 by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. GM soybean and maize are imported for animal feed and industrial processing but are not approved for domestic cultivation.
Hybrid Rice	Hybrid rice adoption remains low at less than 5% of total rice area, significantly below China's adoption rate of over 50%. Government programmes promote hybrid rice expansion, but adoption is constrained by higher seed costs and farmer preference for saving seed from previous harvests.
Research Institutions	Major agricultural research organisations include: IAARD – Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development IRRI Indonesia – International Rice Research Institute collaboration programmes ICCRI – Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute IOPRI / PPKS – Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute IPB (Bogor Agricultural University) – Indonesia's leading agricultural university and research centre

Research & Biotechnology Area

Description

GM Crop Status

Indonesia has adopted a cautious approach toward genetically modified crops. Currently, the only GM crop approved for commercial cultivation is Bt Sugarcane (NXI-4T), approved in 2023 by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. GM soybean and maize are imported for animal feed and industrial processing but are not approved for domestic cultivation.

Hybrid Rice

Hybrid rice adoption remains low at less than 5% of total rice area, significantly below China's adoption rate of over 50%. Government programmes promote hybrid rice expansion, but adoption is constrained by higher seed costs and farmer preference for saving seed from previous harvests.

Research Institutions

Major agricultural research organisations include:

IAARD – Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development
IRRI Indonesia – International Rice Research Institute collaboration programmes
ICCRI – Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute
IOPRI / PPKS – Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute
IPB (Bogor Agricultural University) – Indonesia's leading agricultural university and research centre

11.3 Protected Cultivation & Controlled Environment

Greenhouse Agriculture Aspect	Description
Greenhouse Area	Approximately 5,000–10,000 hectares. Indonesia's greenhouse sector remains relatively small compared with major producers such as China and India. Production is concentrated on high-value horticultural crops including tomatoes, capsicum, strawberries and flowers.
Key Regions	Major greenhouse and protected cultivation areas include: Lembang (West Java) Batu (East Java) Bedugul (Bali) Berastagi (North Sumatra) These highland regions provide cooler temperatures suitable for horticultural production.
Technology	Simple plastic tunnels and shade-house structures dominate the sector. High-tech Venlo-style glasshouses remain limited. Hydroponic systems, controlled-environment agriculture and vertical farming startups are emerging in major urban centres such as Jakarta, Bandung and Surabaya.

Greenhouse Agriculture Aspect

Description

Greenhouse Area

Approximately 5,000–10,000 hectares. Indonesia's greenhouse sector remains relatively small compared with major producers such as China and India. Production is concentrated on high-value horticultural crops including tomatoes, capsicum, strawberries and flowers.

Key Regions

Major greenhouse and protected cultivation areas include:

Lembang (West Java)
Batu (East Java)
Bedugul (Bali)
Berastagi (North Sumatra)

These highland regions provide cooler temperatures suitable for horticultural production.

Technology

Simple plastic tunnels and shade-house structures dominate the sector. High-tech Venlo-style glasshouses remain limited. Hydroponic systems, controlled-environment agriculture and vertical farming startups are emerging in major urban centres such as Jakarta, Bandung and Surabaya.

11.4 Indonesia-India Agricultural Technology Exchange

Innovation Sector	Indonesia Strength	India Application	Potential Impact
Palm Oil Sustainability	World's largest palm oil producer; ISPO and RSPO certification systems; strong downstream processing industry.	India's oil palm expansion programmes in Northeastern states such as Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh.	Development of sustainable palm oil production models and adaptation of certification frameworks for Indian conditions.
Aquaculture IoT	Advanced smart aquaculture technologies such as eFishery; IoT-enabled feeding systems; pond monitoring and analytics.	India's shrimp-producing regions including Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.	Precision feeding, disease early-warning systems, improved feed efficiency and higher aquaculture productivity.
Smallholder Rubber	Approximately 85% of rubber production comes from smallholders; strong cooperative systems and SIR quality standards.	Rubber-growing regions of Kerala and Northeast India.	Improved processing quality, farmer organization, productivity enhancement and stronger market linkages.
Specialty Coffee	Globally recognized origins such as Gayo, Toraja and Flores; unique wet-hull (Giling Basah) processing methods.	Coffee-producing regions such as Coorg, Chikmagalur and emerging Arabica areas in Northeast India.	Improved processing methods, geographical branding, premium coffee exports and direct-trade business models.
Seaweed Farming	World's largest seaweed producer; strong carrageenan export industry and coastal farming expertise.	Coastal regions of Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.	Expansion of seaweed cultivation, carrageenan value chains, export earnings and coastal livelihoods.
Farmer Field Schools (FFS)	Indonesia pioneered the IPM-FFS model in 1989 and successfully exported the approach to more than 90 countries.	India's KVK (Krishi Vigyan Kendra) and ATMA extension systems.	Stronger participatory learning, farmer-to-farmer knowledge transfer and wider adoption of integrated pest management practices.

Section 12: Food Security & Nutrition

12.1 Production Overview

Sector	Production / Status	Key Notes
Rice (Milled, 2024)	~30.34 MT	Production declined by approximately 2.43% compared with 2023. National demand is estimated at ~31–32 MT, resulting in a deficit that is covered through imports of approximately 2–3 MT.
Palm Oil (CPO + PKO, 2024)	52.76 MT	Indonesia remains the world's largest palm oil producer. Domestic consumption is approximately 23.8 MT, while exports reach around 29.5 MT annually.
Poultry Meat (2023)	~4.8 MT	Poultry is Indonesia's primary animal protein source. Per capita consumption is approximately 12.6–13.2 kg/year and continues to grow with rising incomes and urbanisation.
Fisheries (Total)	~22–24 MT/year	One of the world's largest fisheries sectors. Per capita fish consumption is approximately 55–58 kg/year, supported by government nutrition campaigns.
Eggs	~5.5–6.0 MT/year	Eggs remain one of the country's most affordable and widely consumed protein sources.
Food Self-Sufficiency Target	Rice Self-Sufficiency Vision	President Prabowo's food security strategy aims to achieve rice self-sufficiency by targeting approximately 32 MT of rice production, expanding food estate projects and reducing dependence on rice imports.

12.2 Food Security & Nutrition

Food Security Indicator	Description
Global Hunger Index (2024)	Score: 17.8 (Moderate Hunger Category). Indonesia ranked approximately 77th out of 127 countries. The score has improved significantly from 28.6 in 2000, indicating substantial progress in food security and nutrition.
Stunting	Approximately 21.6% of children under five are stunted (2022). Although declining steadily, stunting remains one of Indonesia's most significant nutrition challenges. The national development target was to reduce stunting to 14%.
Undernourishment	Estimated at approximately 6–8% of the population. Food access challenges remain most severe in remote regions such as Papua, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) and Maluku.
Import Dependencies	Indonesia remains dependent on imports for several key food commodities: Wheat: ~10–11 MT annually (100% imported) Soybean: ~2.5–3.0 MT annually (~75% imported) Sugar: ~3–4 MT annually (~40–45% imported) Garlic: ~85% imported, mainly from China
Food Price Volatility	Rice prices increased significantly during 2023–24 due to El Niño-related production losses. The government responded by releasing BULOG rice reserves and increasing imports to stabilize domestic markets and control inflation.
Social Protection Programmes	Major food security programmes include: Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) – Conditional cash transfer programme for vulnerable households. Bantuan Pangan (CPP) – Subsidised rice assistance programme reaching approximately 16 million beneficiaries. BULOG Distribution System – Strategic rice reserve management and emergency food distribution.

Section 13: Knowledge Exchange – Best Practices

13.1 What Indonesia Can Offer BRICS Nations

#	Achievement	Description
1	World's #1 Palm Oil Producer	Produces approximately 52.76 MT of CPO + PKO (2024), accounting for about 57% of global palm oil production. Indonesia possesses a fully integrated value chain ranging from plantations and refining to oleochemicals and biodiesel production.
2	World's #1 Seaweed Producer	Produces approximately 10–12 MT (wet weight) annually. Seaweed is a major source of carrageenan used in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, while supporting livelihoods in coastal communities.
3	World's Largest Tuna Producer	Produces approximately 1.0–1.2 MT of tuna annually. Indonesia is recognized for important tuna fisheries and the use of sustainable fishing techniques such as pole-and-line methods.
4	Farmer Field School Model	Pioneered the Integrated Pest Management Farmer Field School (IPM-FFS) model in 1989. The approach has been adopted in more than 90 countries through FAO-supported programmes and remains a global benchmark for participatory agricultural extension.
5	Spice Islands Heritage	The historical birthplace of the global spice trade and the world's leading producer of cloves and nutmeg. Strong potential exists for premium origin branding and high-value spice exports.
6	B40 Biodiesel Programme	Implements the world's highest biodiesel blending mandate with a 40% palm oil blend (B40) beginning in 2025. The programme supports energy security, domestic palm oil demand and greenhouse gas reduction goals.
7	Tropical Aquaculture Expertise	Global leader in tropical aquaculture, including shrimp (vannamei), milkfish, tilapia and catfish production. Innovation is strengthened through technologies such as eFishery's IoT-based aquaculture systems.
8	Specialty Coffee Excellence	World's fourth-largest coffee producer, known for internationally recognized origins such as Gayo, Toraja, Flores and Java. Indonesia's distinctive wet-hull (Giling Basah) processing method creates unique flavor profiles valued in specialty coffee markets.

13.2 What Indonesia Can Learn from BRICS

#	Area	Learning Opportunity From	Current Gap / Context	Potential Impact for Iran
1	Rice Productivity	China, India	China's hybrid rice yields exceed 7 t/ha, while India's System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has improved water-use efficiency and yields. Iran's rice yields remain lower, particularly outside the most productive Caspian areas.	Adoption of hybrid rice technologies and SRI practices could improve productivity, water efficiency and national rice self-sufficiency.
2	Large-Scale Irrigation Modernisation	China, India	Iran's irrigation efficiency remains approximately 35–40%, significantly below global best practices.	Modern irrigation infrastructure, smart water management and micro-irrigation systems could substantially reduce water losses and groundwater depletion.
3	Soybean & Oilseed Production	Brazil	Brazil produces more than 150 MT of soybeans annually, while Iran remains heavily dependent on imports exceeding 2 MT per year.	Expansion of soybean cultivation in Golestan and Khuzestan could reduce import dependence and strengthen livestock feed security.
4	Palm Oil Processing	Indonesia	Indonesia has developed the world's most advanced palm oil processing and refining industry, while Iran imports large volumes of vegetable oils.	Development of refining, processing and edible oil industries could reduce import costs and strengthen food-processing capacity.
5	Dairy Cooperative Models	India	Iran's dairy sector is growing but remains fragmented among many producers.	Cooperative structures similar to India's dairy model could improve milk collection, processing efficiency, farmer incomes and market access.
6	Agricultural Drones	China	China operates more than 200,000 agricultural drones, while sanctions limit Iran's access to advanced technologies.	Technology transfer through BRICS cooperation could accelerate adoption of precision spraying, crop monitoring and digital agriculture.
7	Beef Cattle Genetics	Brazil, South Africa	Iran's beef sector faces productivity constraints and periodic supply deficits.	Improved genetics, feedlot systems and breeding programmes could enhance meat production efficiency and reduce import dependence.
8	GM Crop Policy	Brazil, India, China, South Africa	Iran possesses strong biotechnology research capacity but has not approved commercial GM crop cultivation.	Studying long-term experiences of BRICS countries could help policymakers evaluate potential roles of biotechnology in food security, drought tolerance and productivity improvement.

13.3 Agro-Climatic Matching – Indonesia-India

Indonesia Region	Comparable India State/Region	Climate	Major Crops / Enterprises	Technology Transfer Opportunities
Java (Irrigated Lowlands)	Tamil Nadu / Andhra Pradesh / West Bengal	Tropical; irrigated paddy systems	Rice, vegetables, poultry, aquaculture	Hybrid rice varieties, System of Rice Intensification (SRI), aquaculture intensification and farm mechanisation.
Sumatra (Plantation Belt)	Kerala / Northeast India	Tropical perhumid	Oil palm, rubber, coffee	Rubber productivity improvement, spice processing technologies and sustainable palm oil production systems.
Sulawesi (Cocoa & Spice Region)	Karnataka / Kerala	Tropical monsoon	Cocoa, coconut, cloves, nutmeg	Cocoa processing technologies, coconut value addition, spice quality enhancement and export branding.
NTT / NTB (Dryland Region)	Rajasthan / Dryland Andhra Pradesh	Semi-arid tropical	Maize, cassava, livestock, dryland crops	Dryland farming systems, goat and sheep genetic improvement, watershed development and drought management.
Papua (Agricultural Frontier)	Mizoram / Nagaland / Northeast India Highlands	Tropical highland and forest climate	Sago, sweet potato, coffee, cacao	Highland agriculture development, indigenous crop conservation, specialty coffee production and sustainable land management.
Coastal Indonesia	Gujarat / Odisha / Andhra Pradesh Coast	Tropical coastal	Shrimp, milkfish, seaweed, mangroves	Advanced shrimp farming technologies, seaweed cultivation, mangrove restoration and climate-resilient coastal development.

Section 14: References & Data Sources

14.1 Primary Data Sources

Source / Institution	Description
BPS	Badan Pusat Statistik (Statistics Indonesia) – Official national statistical agency responsible for population, GDP, agricultural production, rice statistics, economic surveys and national census data. Website: bps.go.id
Ministry of Agriculture	Kementerian Pertanian – Responsible for crop production estimates, livestock statistics, agricultural extension services, food security programmes and national agricultural policy. Website: pertanian.go.id
GAPKI	Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia (Indonesian Palm Oil Association) – Primary source for palm oil production, exports, domestic consumption, biodiesel and industry statistics. Website: gapki.id
KKP	Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries) – National authority for fisheries, aquaculture, marine resources and seafood production statistics. Website: kkp.go.id
USDA-FAS Jakarta	Publishes Grain & Feed Annual, Oilseeds Annual, Livestock, Sugar and commodity outlook reports for Indonesia used internationally for agricultural market analysis. Website: fas.usda.gov
FAOSTAT	Global database maintained by FAO containing production, trade, land-use, livestock and food security statistics for international comparison. Website: faostat.fao.org
World Bank	Source for GDP, poverty, agricultural land, rural development and economic indicators. Website: data.worldbank.org
IMF WEO	International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook database providing GDP, GDP per capita, inflation and macroeconomic forecasts. Website: imf.org/weo
BMKG	Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi dan Geofisika – Indonesia's national weather and climate agency responsible for meteorology, climate monitoring, agrometeorology and disaster early-warning systems. Website: bmkg.go.id
UNDP HDR	United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report providing HDI rankings and human development indicators. Website: hdr.undp.org
IOPRI / PPKS	Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute – Leading institution for oil palm breeding, agronomy, sustainability and processing research. Website: iopri.org
ICCRI	Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute – Research centre for coffee and cocoa breeding, disease management, processing technologies and quality improvement. Website: iccri.net
BRGM	Badan Restorasi Gambut dan Mangrove – National agency responsible for peatland restoration, mangrove rehabilitation and climate-resilience programmes.

14.2 Glossary

Term	Definition
BPS	Badan Pusat Statistik – Statistics Indonesia, the country's central statistical agency responsible for population, economic and agricultural statistics.
BULOG	Badan Urusan Logistik – National Food Logistics Agency responsible for managing strategic rice reserves, market stabilization, food distribution and rice imports.
CPO	Crude Palm Oil – The primary product obtained from oil palm fruit processing and the foundation of Indonesia's palm oil industry.
GAPKI	Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia – Indonesian Palm Oil Association representing the national palm oil industry.
GKG	Gabah Kering Giling – Milled Dry Unhusked Rice; a paddy measurement standard commonly used by BPS for rice production statistics.
HPP	Harga Pembelian Pemerintah – Government Purchasing Price used to support farmers and stabilize rice and paddy markets.
ISPO	Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil – Mandatory national certification system covering environmental, social and legal sustainability standards in the palm oil sector.
IAARD	Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development – National agricultural research organization responsible for crop, livestock and agricultural technology research.
KKP	Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan – Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, responsible for fisheries, aquaculture and marine resource management.
Sawah	Irrigated wet rice paddy field, the dominant rice production system in Indonesia.
Palawija	Secondary food crops grown after rice, including maize, soybean, peanuts, mung bean and cassava.